What is a herniated disc?

A herniated disc occurs when the soft inner gel of a spinal disc pushes through a tear in the outer layer, often compressing nearby nerves. This can cause pain, numbness, or weakness in the back, neck, or limbs. It is most common in the lumbar (lower back) and cervical (neck) regions. Key facts: about 5–20 cases per 1,000 adults annually, and most patients improve with conservative care, but surgery may be needed for persistent symptoms.