Who is a good candidate for microsurgical TESE, and who should avoid it?

Good candidates include men with non-obstructive azoospermia (no sperm in ejaculate due to testicular failure), prior failed simpler sperm retrieval, or genetic conditions like Klinefelter syndrome. It is also suitable for men with obstructive azoospermia when other methods have failed. Contraindications include active genital infection, untreated bleeding disorders, or severe testicular atrophy with no viable tissue. A thorough urological evaluation and hormone profile are required to confirm candidacy.