What are the risks and recovery expectations for this surgery?

Risks are similar to standard craniotomy and include infection, bleeding, swelling, seizures, and neurological deficits (e.g., weakness or speech difficulties), though the awake mapping technique aims to reduce permanent damage. Temporary confusion or headache is common. Recovery typically involves 10–14 days in China (including hospital stay and initial observation), followed by 6–8 weeks of gradual return to normal activities. Most patients require rehabilitation therapy, especially if deficits occur. Long-term outcomes depend on tumor type and resection extent, but the goal is maximal safe removal with preserved quality of life.